Thursday, June 1, 2017

A New Name for the So-Called "Civil Marriage"

        Labels do matter, despite the famous maxim by William Shakespeare that “a rose by any other name is just as sweet”. This still holds true especially in labelling things and abstract concepts. Inevitably, this leads to adding more definitions to names and thus to the use of retronyms.

        For example, people have attached the adjective acoustic to the word guitar to distinguish it from the electric guitar after the advent of the latter. Moreover, the show Star Trek that ran from 1966 to 1969 gradually received the subtitle “The Original Series” after the release of Star Trek: The Next Generation, Star Trek: Deep Space Nine, Star Trek: Voyager, Star Trek: Enterprise, and Star Trek: Discovery.

        Such examples of coined retronyms might help explain why many religious denominations, especially the Christian ones, object to governmental extension of the definition of marriage to include non-heterocissexual people, since they see it as conceptual appropriation. The dispute over such an extension goes hand in hand with the struggle of such people to achieve the same civil rights as everybody else, leading inevitably to a conflict with the freedom of each citizen to practise one’s religion.

        People from both the Right and the Left have been speaking for and against marriage for non-heterocissexual people, and they have been using various strategies to put their advocacies into practice. For example, some countries have referring to their “civil marriages” as “civil unions” and “domestic partnerships”, but such actions have failed to satisfy the rest of the citizens. The author has drawn upon conjugal terminology to suggest a better new name for “civil marriage”: nuption. The author hopes that such a solution might satisfy all citizens from various ideological persuasions.

        The suggestion would go like this: the word marriage would go back at the hands of religious denominations, and the government would now label “civil marriage” as nuption. The latter can do whatever it wants with nuption, but the author would like to recommend some rules for nuption. First, appoint a “nuptializer”, a special governmental officer whose sole function is to formalize nuptializations. Second, require pairs under nuptializations to renew their pledges every year, month, week, or day to eliminate the need for divorce. Third and lastly, require a rigorous test on a pair to determine if they deserve to enter nuption.

        The solution brings certain advantages on both religious and nonreligious people. First, nonreligious people such as atheists with no ties to any religion can enter an arrangement separate from marriage, which would now return to religious domain. Second, religious ministers with objections to extending marriage to include pairs of the same sex can now take a very deep breath, as the government can no longer require them to formalize the unions of such pairs. Third and lastly, such a solution would uphold the separation of government and religion.


        Marginalized people such non-heterocissexual people certainly deserve fundamental human rights, but it does not mean that any government should force religious denominations that object to giving them the licence to engage in non-coital intercourse in the form of marriage to do otherwise. Crises sometimes demand more solutions that are creative and acceptable to all at the same time. Let religion have the word marriage back, and let the government keep its nuption.

Friday, May 19, 2017

The Elohim are not Gods

Psalm 82:1 in its original Hebrew version literally reads, “Elohim stands in the council of El. He judges among elohim”. English translators of the Bible have usually rendered el or eloah and elim or elohim as “god” and “gods”, respectively. Eloah is the long variant of el, and it might have referred to a member of a group of elim.

The appearances of such words in the original Hebrew version of the Bible have been perplexing Christian translators for centuries, since translating them as “god” and “gods” would undermine the cornerstone of Christian belief, monotheism or recognition, belief, and worship of only one God.

To believe in a Bible that acknowledges the existence of many deities is unpalatable, but this need not be the case. The author would take his cue from the works of biblical scholar Michael S. Heiser to formulate a resolution to the dilemma.

Elohim in Hebrew is plural, especially when the plural form of a verb antecedes it, but its grammatical number is still unsure when a singular one does. Most commentators have been regarding it as a plurality of “majesty” or “excellence”, but the author would contend that elohim functions as a collective noun when the singular form of a verb antecedes it. Such a function has a precedent in the Hebrew word for Egyptians: Mizraim.

Mizraim means “Egyptians” when the plural form of a verb antecedes it, but “Egypt” or “Egyptian people” when a singular one does. Therefore, the Hebrew Scriptures have indicated that a divine council (not a pantheon) headed by Yahweh guides the course of the universe, as Heiser argued in his studies.

How would English translators of the Bible render the words el and eloah, as well as, elim and elohim? They must keep in mind that only Yahweh can be God, so what would such words mean? Heiser argued that the words refer to any dweller of the dimension of spirits. He included angels, souls of dead persons, and daemons in his description of elohim.

Linguists have traditionally derived el and eloah from a proto-Semitic root that meant, “To be strong”, conjuring the ideas of leadership and power. Therefore, the author would define an el as a divine master, eloah as a divine manager, and elohim with the singular form of a verb as a divine management.


In the end, Christian believers need not despair whenever they encounter supposedly unpalatable passages in the Bible. Nobody except Yahweh is God. There is only a divine management consisting of divine masters headed by Yahweh.

Thursday, May 18, 2017

Kohen and Hiereus Do Not Mean “Priest”

Every Christian denomination affirms of every believer in Jesus to direct access to God, but the denominations themselves have trouble conceiving it correctly. Catholic and Orthodox churches criticize other Christian denominations for supposedly making clergy even of their laities, while the latter have accused the former of denying the right to direct access to God to theirs, just because of the confusion over a simple word: priest.

Christians have translated the Hebrew-Aramaic-Greek Bible into different languages, including English. The word priest comes from the Greek masculine comparative adjective presbuteros, which means “older”. However, English translators of the Bible have used the word to translate not only presbuteros, but also the Hebrew word kohen and its Greek counterpart hiereus, both of which denote a permanent attendant of a deity, since they can find no other better word to translate both. Sacerd, the Anglo-Saxon transliteration of the Latin word sacerdos, has all but disappeared in usage.

As a result, non-Catholic and non-Orthodox Christians have thought that there should no distinction between the clergy and the laity, since they think that all believers have direct access to God. Catholic and Orthodox Christians have the fair share of the blame for overemphasis on clerical ministry at the expense of lay ministry. The right way to perceive Christian ministry is this: every believer has the right to direct access to God, but not all believers can join the clergy.

How can Christians rectify such a problem? They should start to translate more accurately. In ancient Israel, kohanim as representatives of God sprinkled blood on the altar, tore the sacrifices, and burned the pieces. The author would suggest the use of the word “officiant” to translate both kohen and hiereus, leaving “priest” as the only translation of presbuteros.


Words and their denotations do matter, and they change because of how people use them, but they must not sully the actual message of the Bible.